Buckling
Buckling mode
mode I
mode II
mode III
mode IV
Column diameter D
10
-3
m
Column diameter d
10
-3
m
Column length L
m
Modulus of elasticity
10
9
Pa
Cross section A
10
-3
m
2
Axial stiffness S=-dF/dL
N/m
Second moment of area I=π/64(D
4
-d
4
)
10
-9
m
4
Buckling limit F
10
3
N
Buckling limit of compression loaded beams
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